The Earth’s surface may feel solid and unchanging, but beneath it lies a world in constant motion. The planet’s surface is made up of large tectonic plates that slowly shift over the semi-molten mantle below. Most earthquakes happen where these plates meet, along plate boundaries. When two plates move toward each other, one plate may be forced beneath the other in a process called subduction. Sometimes, the plates become stuck due to friction. As movement continues, pressure...

Light is one of the most fascinating forces in our universe. It is a form of electromagnetic radiation that allows us to see the world around us, and even the distant stars beyond our planet. Unlike sound, light does not need air or any material medium to travel. It moves freely through empty space, making it possible for sunlight to reach Earth across millions of kilometres of vacuum.   Light travels in the form of waves, each with its own wavelength. The small portion of these waves...